Implementing Strategic Choice

What advice would you give to management concerning the best way to implement strategic choices in an organization? There are four types of tactics that management can use to implement strategic plans in an organization: intervention, persuasion, participation, and edict. Intervention tactics begins when a manager decides to make strategic changes. The manager creates the need for change in minds of the group (leaders, peers) by reforming the systems (Nutt, 1998).This is done by showing a comparison between the present system and a reform system and showing performance gap. Then, the manager is ready to create steps to implement intervention tactics. Before using these steps, it is essential for a manager to be educated on possibilities, redirected threats, managed anger, built confidence, and reinforced the plans (Huse, 1975). It demands high level skills to create new norms to show the need for change for the organization. 2. How would your advice change based on whether the organi zation's environment was dynamic versus stable?A dynamic organization's environment has is one that is full of possible opportunities and possible treats. Therefore, managers, specifically planners and policy makers cannot analyze future environment? s condition with an assumption that it will stay in a predictable state. Managers are challenged to make environmental decisions to improve performance. According to Carlsson and El Sawy (2008), Decision making in turbulent environments is challenging because managers must decide and act rapidly.Consequently, decision-makers must plan for the uncertainties of the environment. One of the main factors that contribute to the sense of uncertainties is lack of communication. The lack of communication that prevents managers from making organization environment decisions such as: lack of information and lack of knowledge. In contrast, in a stable and predictable environment, managers who are the decision-makers can adhere to a long-term plan w hereas the uncertain or dynamic environment plans are short-term.

Gang Developement

Axia College Material Appendix E Gang Development and Control Tables Gang Development Below are descriptions of gang development theories. Copy and paste the correct description into the table below next to the appropriate theory. There are five descriptions and four theories. One description is not valid. †¢ Gang members are violent and rarely show remorse or feelings regarding their violent and criminal actions. Members may join a gang because it provides them a release for their personal problems, which may include drug abuse, low self-esteem, and family problems. Gang members typically come from low income areas and may even be considered to have been â€Å"forced† into gang life in order to survive.The gang provides a sense of belonging in a world where members may lack positive role models and the ability to attain status in a way considered acceptable by society. †¢ Joining a gang is a way to obtain money and protection. It is often seen as a personal decision to gain success. Members who join for this reason feel pride when they get away with a crime and were most likely committing illegal acts long before joining a gang. Members join a gang to have a safe social circle and to learn techniques to communicate through graffiti. Gang members use those techniques to display their gang’s strength and power in their neighborhood. Members who join a gang for this reason are typically involved in drug use and truancy but rarely violent acts of delinquency. †¢ Individuals who join gangs for this reason may have an older family member who is a gang member. They may go through distinct hazing rituals before they can join.The hazing rituals offer assurance that the individual is capable and ready to start his or her new life as a gang member. |Theory |Description | |Anthropological |Individuals who join gangs for this reason may have an older family member who is a gang member. They | | |may go through distinct hazing rituals before the y can join.The hazing rituals offer assurance that | | |the individual is capable and ready to start his or her new life as a gang member. | |Sociocultural |Gang members typically come from low income areas and may even be considered to have been â€Å"forced† into| | |gang life in order to survive. The gang provides a sense of belonging in a world where members may lack| | |positive role models and the ability to attain status in a way considered acceptable by society. |Psychological |Gang members are violent and rarely show remorse or feelings regarding their violent and criminal | | |actions. Members may join a gang because it provides them a release for their personal problems, which | | |may include drug abuse, low self-esteem, and family problems. | | |Joining a gang is a way to obtain money and protection.It is often seen as a personal decision to gain| |Rational Choice |success. Members who join for this reason feel pride when they get away with a crime and were most | | |likely committing illegal acts long before joining a gang. | Gang Control In the table below, describe the gang control methods in your own words and use the Internet to provide an example of a program based on each type of gang control method. Include the name of the Web site and the working URL address in the table. Gang Control Methods |Descriptions |Examples | |Law Enforcement |Law enforcement efforts |From Aug. 23 through Sept. 1, teams of officers working 10-hour shifts, fanned out| |Efforts |refers to the actual |through the city in search of gang members with open warrants, according to a | | |execution of law |Corpus Christi Police Department news release.The warrants ranged from public | | |enforcement. intoxication to murder. | | | | | | | | | | | |Caller. (2010). www. caller. com. Retrieved from | | | |http://www. caller. om/news/2008/sep/03/EARLY-law-enforcement-effort-focuses-gang-| | | |members/ | |Community Control |This term refers to |Probation Division: The P robation Division is charged with the duty of overseeing| |Efforts |community treatment of |those defendants sentenced to misdemeanor probation for criminal offenses by the | | |criminals such as therapy,|17th Judicial Court in compliance with Florida Statues and the Rules of Criminal | | |community service and |Procedure. Following sentencing by the Judge, the defendant is assigned a BSO | | |probation. |probation specialist, who establishes a case management plan. | | | | | | | |Department of Community Control. (2010). www. sheriff. com. Retrieved from | | | |http://sheriff. org/about_bso/dodcc/court/index. cfm |

American Beyond the Color Line

n | American Beyond the Color Line| | | Lashekia Stanley| 3/7/2013| | Marlon Marshall in my opinion wasn’t serious about the juvenile program. You can tell that he really loved what he do as in selling drugs. Marlon loved how much money that was coming in everyday; he isn’t ready to give up that kind of lifestyle just yet. He basically states that he’s still selling drugs while he’s in the juvenile program.I think he wants to do better in life, but the only thing he knows is what he grew up around. Once he returns home he cannot violate any of his probation meaning: Getting arrested for a new offense while on probation. Failure to pay your fines, failure to perform or complete community service as instructed, failure to appear in court to show progress the probationer made on probation. ailure to submit paperwork to court, failure to report to probation officer as scheduled, failure to pay probation fees to the probation department, failure to submit drug test, failure to submit to search and seizure by police officers of your home or vehicle. If he fail or violate any of his probation, the court may extend his probation, charge added probation terms, he will have to serve a brief time in jail, or revoke his probation altogether and require you to serve out any remaining time of his beginning sentence in prison.As far as Marlon future his goals was to go to college and enter the Police Academy. At the rate he is going his future won’t be so bright if he’s going to continue to sell drugs. To become a police officer you cannot have any kind of misdemeanor or felonies on your record. To better his future, I hope he change, have a turn around, become successful, and reach his goals. Resource Thomson, R. (2012). Probation violation. Retrieved from http://criminal. findlaw. com/criminal-charges/probation-violation. html

Williamson Mortgage Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Williamson Mortgage Inc - Case Study Example The fact that the president has accepted to buy the mortgage at the market price that will prevail at that time exposes Jennifer to risk of losing if the interest rate at that time goes beyond 5.5%. An increase in the interest rate with even a 0.5% to 6.0% on the market prices will mean that Jennifer will have to sell the bonds and earn a profit but a decrease will mean the reverse. Jennifer may have to pay in to cater for the drop in rates. It is therefore the uncertainty of the market on aspects of risk on the interest rates that could affect Jennifer’s business prospects (Billingsley, Gitman & Joehnk, 2013). This uncertainty may either bring loss or profit to her business especially considering a rise or a fall in the future value of money, owing to affecting factors such as inflation as well as rates of interest. For the purposes of hedging this risk, Jennifer needs o consider the history of the market rates and their fluctuation levels, considering these, she should be in position to establish an average that can help her have the market fluctuations taken care of (Billingsley, Gitman & Joehnk, 2013). The interest rate that she offers to the cousin could also remain unaffected if it is placed among a margin that will prevent her from burning her capital. Considering the interest of the Treasury bond, she can also make the Treasury bond and consider the fluctuations and see if they can help her cover her interest and profit. The use of treasury bonds could provide an option for Jennifer to explore. The treasury bonds can help her raise the money to facilitate her mortgage business but the uncertainty of the markets too could affect them. Unless if the interest rate specified ensures that at that time Jennifer will remain in position to facilitate the mortgage to the cousin and still make, some profit on the interest then

What does it mean to be literate in this day and age Essay

What does it mean to be literate in this day and age - Essay Example To be literate is indeed a wise undertaking in the world of today and it holds more ground than it used to in the times of our forefathers. There is so much to seek, learn and understand that the man seems to go missing in the quagmire. However if he is literate he makes his own way through the zig-zag pathways and thus reaches his destination on all counts. It is a matter of fact that being literate in the current times facilitates one self in estimating what life is bringing for a person. It opens up his range of options and presents to him ideas out of the box as well. What this does is to make him do the analysis in a straight forward manner. No analysis is possible without getting to know the facts first of all. If a person is literate and understands the norms that are taking place within his life or generally, he will get to know what the strengths of the same undertakings are and how it would affect his own live as well as the ones whom he loves and takes care of. He gets to inquire the weaknesses present with the knowledge that he has obtained over a period of time and thus weighs them in light of the strong points that were previously ascertained by him in due course of time. In the world of present times, being literate means that a person is talked of in a high and esteemed manner. He is given respect by one and all since he can understand the difference between the good, the bad and the ugly. He has sense problems where the illiterates could think merry. He can make out for the troubles that lie ahead in different situations through his sheer ability of forecasting and visualization. He can look at the missing links better than an average man. He can understand his own psyche, individual basis and the manner under which he exists within the tenets of the society. He knows who he is and what is expected of him. He can create links with

Consumer Market and Consumer Buyer Behavior Essay

Consumer Market and Consumer Buyer Behavior - Essay Example According to Kotler & Armstrong (2010), the provisions allowed global marketing activities for mobile network operators. The company was willing to bring contract manufacturers on-board and develop customized products. On the other hand, Apple Inc. is Telecommunication Company with global dominance headquartered in Cupertino and incorporated in America. The company sells, develops, and designs online services, consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. According to Estelami (2009), Apple is popular for the hardware products like iPad tablet computer, Mac computers, iPhone smartphone, and iPod media player. The firm provides online services such as App Store, iTunes Store, and iCloud. Apple’s consumer software is inclusive of operating systems such as iOS and OS X, the iTunes, and the Safari web browser and iWork creativity and iLife productivity suites. Apple has well-defined marketing policies aimed at enhancing customer values. The goal of such strategic focus includes an allowance for customers to generate confidence on the product profiles. The release of new products brings in debates on the global telecommunication sector. Engraved marketing action plans are utilized in delivering solutions relating to the organizational objectives. The firm bears comprehensive range of models in marketing. Increment of promotions and sales comes from an emphasis on thorough research and development. According to Estelami (2009), outcomes are enablers of meets different customer preferences. The relevance of the Apple Company’s contribution includes increasing impacts of electronic media as well as social media networks’ command. HTC and Apple monitor the marketing initiatives through constant measurement of campaigns ratings. Departments take corrective actions towards improving efficiency and effectiveness for procedural campa igns. According to Hugh (2012), one of

Compare and Contrast Two of the Baptist Confessions Essay

Compare and Contrast Two of the Baptist Confessions - Essay Example Baptist confessions are within the grand framework of history and salvation. Hence the baptismal rule is not the rationale ‘after the fact’, but baptism’s innate basis (Garrett 2009: 64). It implies that the church practices baptism not on its own scheme and power, but in deference to its God. Nevertheless, the baptismal rule not merely establishes baptism but provides it its essence. Hence baptism on the authority of the Lord is not merely a procedure, similar to others for carrying out baptism; it is instead a confession of the internal content and theological and historical foundation of baptism (Garrett 2009). Furthermore it is the pledge and epiclesis of deliverance, not as sheer rite, and definitely not as a sacrament working supernaturally (Brackney 2004); but in the authority of this commanding pledge, baptism acquires its authority to bring about salvation. The baptismal sacrament was an essential foundation for the creation, and growth, of confession of the faith. Baptism was, similarly, connected to the ‘catechumenate’ as initiation into the life of the church and faith (Garrett 2009: 664). The churches emerging from the evangelist movement have relived this association; it has become meaningful for the European independent churches in distinct ways. Because of the separation of the culture from Western churches, the revival of the ‘catechumenate’ (Garrett 2009: 664) has presently turned out to be significant for the being and continued existence of the early churches. This paper discusses the similarities and differences between two Baptist confessions, namely, the First London Baptist Confession of 1644-1646 and the Second London Baptist Confession of 1689. Comparing and Contrasting the First and Second London Baptist Confession In the analysis of the 1646 Westminster Confession and the 1689 Second London Confession, it can be discerned that there is an emphasis given to God’s law concisely inter preted in the Mosaic Law of Moses as a principle of life for the follower. In contrast, the emphasis of the 1644 First London Confession is on the rules of the New Covenant, or Christ’s commandments (n.a. 1981). Basically, even though these two confessions have crucial similarities with regard to the steadfast nature of the perpetual moral command of God, there is a different New Covenant focus regarding biblical rules in the two versions of the First London Confession (Long 2003), specifically, noticeably absent in the Old Covenant stress of the Second London Confessions. The aforementioned difference between the First and Second London Confession has significant theological repercussions in interpreting both the function of biblical commandments as the moral principle of God or commandment for the life of the follower within the New Covenant, and for interpreting the connection of God’s commandment to Christ’s gospel (Brackney 2004); hence, the current explana tion for the revision of the First London Confession. The issue suddenly comes out: the historical explanation for the adoption of the Second London Confession instead of the First by the Particular Baptist churches. If the First and Second London Confession are basically the same, then what is the purpose for the creation of the latter? The explanation rests in the events surrounding the collapse

Infinite Reality - the Hidden Blueprint of Our Virtual Lives Assignment - 5

Infinite Reality - the Hidden Blueprint of Our Virtual Lives - Assignment Example Most of them are shocked to find out that the person they were talking to the whole time was a different gender or perhaps used a different persona, usually one that easily fits into the world’s idea of beauty. Relating this concept of the show to the author’s view in â€Å"Infinite Reality†, where he says â€Å"appearance and behavior is up for grabs, such that a person could be effortlessly transformed into another sex, race, age, even a different species of animal,† I would say that though it is easy to make up a make believe virtual reality because there is not really any sort of way to check online whether a certain person is really who he or she says they are, behavior is apparently not one for grabs. Just like how a real person who is made up of a physical, mental and emotional dimension, virtual accounts pretty much operate the same way except the fact that the physical aspect can be easily altered based on the limitation of a non-personal interaction. One can easily use someone else’s picture and create a new persona online. However, while this works for the physical aspect, the mental and emotional aspects which is part of the â€Å"everything† of a being is really telling of a person’s virtual blueprint even without a personal encounter. One can stop looking like a nerd by just the act of changing a profile picture but one does not stop being a nerd. This is because the moment one creates messages, comments and shares one’s life to another through chat, no matter how one avoids the reality he or she wants to run away from, the virtual blueprint easily seeps in exposing bits of the reality behind a certain virtual persona. Let us take a look at our virtual encounters. I am sure all of us have had an experience creating a profile and interacting with other people online.

Strategic HRM Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic HRM Approach - Essay Example HR experts and researchers (Armstrong, 2009) focus on multiple issues related to human resource management. First, they explored which factors lead an organization to adopt a strategic approach to HRM as well as the consequent formulation of this strategy. This also raises the question of which firms will be more likely to adopt a strategic approach than others are. For instance, do such firms have a specific set of external and internal characteristics and conditions? Secondly, the experts looked into the policies and practices that are characteristic of distinctive HR strategies. Is it reasonable to assume that there can exist, different sets of HR policies with the different models of HRM? Finally, an important issue that they have explored at length is the organizational performance that follows each of these sets of policies and practices. This brings in the question of whether HR strategy is important for organizations, and the answer that it is an essential factor for the HR s taff to consider when refining organizational performance. The main aim of HRM in this respect is to recognize, select, and implement activities that the staff thinks will be helpful in selecting a direction and a course of action, which would in turn enhance the long-term performance of an organization. This will occur if the chosen actions help synchronize the internal capabilities and skills of the company with the growing demands of its external environment. There are three main organizational frameworks (Armstrong. 2009) related to the several broad approaches of strategic HRM. One is universal, which is the best practice according to experts (Ehnert, 2009), s it focuses on broader aspects of business environment instead of narrowing them down, thus enabling the firm to derive competitive advantage from their strategy, regardless of the circumstance. Then there is the contingent approach (Ehnert, 2009), designed based on specific business environments. This is a narrower approa ch as compared to the universal framework, but is beneficial to specific companies as it provides them with competitive advantage, which is ‘contingent’ upon their reactions to situations arising in their strategic environment. Lastly, there is the organization-specific framework, which is unique for the firm, which designs and implements it. This introduces the concept that the individual characteristics of a firm necessitate a unique approach, as its unique resources such as human capabilities will enable it to derive a certain type of competitive advantage through the correct strategy. To explore each of these frameworks further, paper looks at the examples below, which present an idea of how a strategic approach would be designed based upon the framework. If the organization chooses to operate according to a universal framework, they will design their strategy in the light of the ‘best’ practices, which they will then implement into the overall organiza tional structure. This collection of HRM practices, or rather, this ‘HRM bundle’ could include ‘high ground’ components such as the goals of employee loyalty and commitment to the organization, high quality operation, and product, functional flexibility in the company structure. One goal could even be to corroborate the corporate objectives of the organization with the human

Lottery Discussion Answers Essay Example for Free

Lottery Discussion Answers Essay Shirley Jackson, The Lottery – Discussion and Analysis Questions Answer the following questions in complete sentences on your own paper. Provide quotations (with page/line numbers) from the story to support your answers. 1. Why has Jackson chosen common people for her characters? Could she have chosen characters from other levels of sophistication with the same effect? What is the irony of the tone of this story? 2. What seems to have been the original purpose of the lottery? What do people believe about it? 3. Is it important that the original paraphernalia for the lottery had been lost? What do you suppose the original ceremony was like? Why have some of the villages given up this practice? Why hasnt this one? 4. What is the significance of Tessies final scream, It isnt fair, it isnt right? What aspect of the lottery does she explicitly challenge; what aspect goes unquestioned? 5. This is a different sort of story when you read it for the second time. What elements (such as Mrs. Hutchinsons attempt to have her daughter, Eva, draw with the family) might take on a different meaning the second time through? 6. Some critics insist that the story has an added symbolic meaning. Do you agree? If so, what is Shirley Jackson trying to tell us about ourselves? (Hint: Consider that this story was written during the height of the rise of Communism and the Soviet Union.) 7. Is the lottery a collective act of murder? Is it morally justified? Is tradition sufficient justification for such actions? How would you respond to cultures that are different from ours that perform strange rituals? 8. Describe the point of view of the story. How does the point of view affect what we know about the situation? How does it preserve the storys suspense? Answers to Discussion Questions 1. Why has Jackson chosen common people for her characters? Could she have chosen characters from other levels of sophistication with the same effect? What is the irony of the tone of this story? By choosing common people, Jackson is attempting to have the general reader relate to the grotesque situation at hand. The dangers of blind allegiance to tradition become more â€Å"close to home† when an average, small-town American population is the center of the action. It becomes more general and all-applicable. (Lines 1-17) 2. What seems to have been the original purpose of the lottery? What do people believe about it? The original purpose of the lottery seems to have been some twisted sort of rain dance ritual. As Old Man Warner explains, the old saying used to exclaim, â€Å"Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon† (line 122). It takes on an air of Aztec/ritualistic sacrifice, that by performing the blood ritual and sacrificing one, the needs of the majority will be met. If the ritual is not followed, society will collapse – or so the townsfolk believe. 3. Is it important that the original paraphernalia for the lottery had been lost? What do you suppose the original ceremony was like? Why have some of the villages given up this practice? Why hasnt this one? The loss of the original ceremonial paraphernalia is significant, as it suggests that the original meaning and reasons for the lottery have been lost to time. It is a ritual with no true purpose, other than that of blind allegiance to tradition. Some villages presumably have matured beyond this ritual, but this one has not. 4. What is the significance of Tessies final scream, It isnt fair, it isnt right? What aspect of the lottery does she explicitly challenge; what aspect goes unquestioned? There are two ways to approach this question. 1) From an in-character perspective, Tessie is objecting to the fact that she is the subject of the sacrifice, having been the â€Å"winner† of the lottery. She doesn’t want to die, and is protesting merely the fact that she has to die, not that people die in general. 2) From an authorial / reader response perspective, Jackson challenges the reader to question the idea of conformity and blind allegiance to tradition. If we don’t know why we observe a specific tradition, perhaps we should question its usefulness. Besides, it’s good to question and analyze. 5. This is a different sort of story when you read it for the second time. What elements (such as Mrs. Hutchinsons attempt to have her daughter, Eva, draw with the family) might take on a different meaning the second time through? Tessie’s attempt to have her daughter draw with the family is a half-baked (and somewhat heartless) attempt to have a larger pool of â€Å"winners† (victims) to draw from. While reading, it sort of sounds like she wants an extra chance to win some money or something of that nature. In reality, she is trying to provide more of a buffer between herself and being murdered. 6. Some critics insist that the story has an added symbolic meaning. Do you agree? If so, what is Shirley Jackson trying to tell us about ourselves? (Hint: Consider that this story was written during the height of the rise of Communism and the Soviet Union.) She is providing a symbol of societies such as Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, where great atrocities are committed under the indifferent watch of tradition-oriented conformists. She is trying to tell us that we should be  guided by our moral compass, not merely by the expectations of society. If something is unjust or wrong, we should stand up against it. 7. Is the lottery a collective act of murder? Is it morally justified? Is tradition sufficient justification for such actions? How would you respond to cultures that are different from ours that perform strange rituals? Effectively, the lottery is by definition a collective act of murder, regardless of the reason it is held. Its existence does, however, beg the question of whether tradition (and, by extension, moral relativism) supersedes any sort of universal morality. Is killing wrong no matter what, or does its intended purpose – prosperity for the many at the expense of the few – justified? Regardless of the answer, Jackson’s message is that doing anything simply because it’s â€Å"what always has been done† is not an acceptable approach to life. We should question and analyze our traditions, and understand why we continue to observe them. 8. Describe the point of view of the story. How does the point of view affect what we know about the situation? How does it preserve the storys suspense?

Diversity commitment at Toyota

Diversity commitment at Toyota DIVERSITY AT TOYOTA Toyota commitment to diversity is built into every area of their business. Everything what they have done was rooted into two fundamental principles â€Å"Respect for people and continuous improvement†. This belief has been supported by work from the United Nations, which explains diversity efforts in the workplace facilitate the exchange of new perspectives, improve problem-solving by inviting different ideas and create a respectful, accepting work environment, all of which make good business sense (Reichenberg 2001). Taken together, the achievements and pledges summarized under the following key business areas represent Toyota 21st Century Diversity Strategy, a ten-year, multi-billion dollar sustainable commitment to minority participation in the Toyota of today and tomorrow. Diversity can be expressed in different ways, such as nationalities, worldviews, gender and minorities, cultures, skills and life styles. In general, studies tell us that no matter how diversity is expressed, it benefits with societies that foster it (Cf. for example, Florida, 2002). Toyota was named to DiversityInc.s 2006 Top 50 Companies for Diversity list in recognition of its commitment to diversity and to fostering an inclusive corporate culture. In its first time competing for this recognition, Toyota ranked 29th on the list. The DiversityInc top-50 list is considered to be the most in-depth analysis of U.S. corporate diversity management and leadership. Toyota was also named to Black Enterprises 2006 Best Companies fo r Diversity list in celebration of exemplifying the best practices in diversity across North America. Structure Over the next 10 years, Toyota will invest a multibillion dollar in diversity and align diversity with its mission to provide equal opportunity. Toyota way, the diversity strategy represents a fundamental sea change in the way Toyota do business and think about doing business. For Toyota, diversity is an opportunity to continuous improvement in every aspect of business and to show their respect for people. Employment After issue about Jesse L. Jackson Toyota announced a $7.8 billion 10 year diversity program for its U.S. operations. Partnered with INROADS to provide internships to talented minority youth interested in becoming Toyota team members after graduating from college established an automotive training centre in Los Angeles, which has trained more than 1,400 minority candidates for careers as automotive service technicians. Advertising Hired Asian, Hispanic and African-American advertising agencies to help ensure we are reaching our multiple diverse audiences effectively. Procurement In 2002, Toyota spends $700 million with minority owned businesses. Toyota seeks long term quality relationships with its business partners and suppliers. Partners and suppliers are considered part of the Toyota family and are an integral part of the legendary Toyota supply chain management network. Source: http://www.toyota.com/about/diversity/21stcenturyplan.pdf Dealer Representation When it comes to Toyota dealerships, their aim is clear to have the best dealers in the industry selling the best products in the world. This philosophy extends to Toyotas minority dealership program and is the reason Toyotas dealer diversity program is one of the most successful in the industry. Retail Diversity Initiatives Toyota is committed to helping talented minorities prepare themselves for leadership positions within the retail automotive sector. Toyota pledges $1 million to partner with Toyota Lexus dealers to help recruit, train, and develop minority employees for dealership management and technical position. Automotive Training Centres In 1993, Toyota created the Los Angeles Urban League Automotive Training Centre (ATC). This joint venture with the Los Angeles Urban League provides no cost job training and placement for unemployed and underemployed urban residents in the automotive industry. The program has graduated 850 trainees who have gone on to secure entry level jobs. The economic impact of this program has exceeded $20 million to date. Starting in 2002, Toyota will replicate the success of the Los Angeles ATC by opening a similar training facility in the eastern United States. Over the years, it too will have a significant economic impact of hundreds of millions of dollars. Community Involvement One of the most significant aspects of Toyotas diversity activities is its support of minority organizations. Among these are United Negro College Fund, Hispanic Scholarship Fund and our trademark Toyota Community Scholars program. Toyota also provides funding and volunteers to the 100 Black Men Young Black Scholars program. Conclusion and recommendation Toyota sees diversity as a pathway to create a better Toyota. Success in diversity gives Toyota access to the best and the brightest. It creates opportunities for new partnerships. Diversity allows Toyota the ability to fully participate in todays changing marketplace. Diversity gives Toyota additional ways to make a difference and to earn the respect of all of their communities. In short, it provides Toyota with a new way to fulfil its mission to become the most successful and respected car company in America. On a negative side, according to Jobvent.com, a website which rates employers, Toyota is believed to pay well but its workers find it difficult to maintain a good work-life balance. Despite good pay and benefits, the employees also feel a strong lack of respect for them as no one speak to them and they dont feel acknowledged unless they are managers and have to work a minimum 9-10 hours a day being a Japanese company

The sanctity of life

The sanctity of life The Christian response to abortion in our western culture has been a matter of preserving the sanctity of life. Although it would seem to be cut and dry to a Christian that abortion violates that sanctity of life, it continues to face constitutional evolvement, differing worldviews, the scrutiny of the medical profession, and with respect to school text books. All of these concerns illustrate a wayward compass, lacking the ability to find true north. Society continues to weigh the simple yet complex definitions of personhood. Abortion is purported to be morally justified by pro-choice advocates in the postmodern culture. The question of what is right or wrong is argued within both sides of the issue. For instance the religious community cannot reach agreement cites Rothstein and Williams, (1983) what a person consists of or when a person begins life. This paper will contend that the postmodern attitude towards abortion has been characterized as ambivalent, and in a postmodern theistic society which has been exposed to liberal schools of thought changing Christian and family values to err on the side of science and convenience. Further, decision makers on the pro-choice side have used their agenda to further their secular beliefs through education, giving rise to sexual promiscuity. Additionally, there have been declines in moral thresholds, in theological literacy, and in respect for the importance of gender roles, resulting in societys ambivalence and a reduction in regard for the sanctity of life. Disputes over abortion are usually very heated due to the involvement of conflicting world views. Abortion is going to have difficulty attempting to reside within a Christian worldview, based purely on their opposing logic. Furthermore, abortion cannot maintain itself within the worldview of liberal postmodernism. Challengers of abortion are aware they are supporting unborn babies; although they may not be cognizant they are also supporting the Christian worldview. Also supporters of legal abortions identify that they are securing a womans right to choose even though they may not be completely aware of their support to the postmodern worldview. A worldview adds perspective and helps us identify with the world around us, and how we deduce and appraise not only what we see, but how we compare ourselves to our understanding of life. Religion has the ability to hone a persons worldview, which starts to develop and institute a moral awareness which tends to give form and shape our moral perspectives. (Durkheim 1954), Religion serves as a main source for determining right and wrong, good and bad, just and unjust.(p. 43). In order to have a suitable understanding of the postmodern view of abortion, both opposing worldviews must be examined in order to balance our understanding as to why a person in a theistic society embraces a pro-abortion stance. This comparison will also show why there is difficulty in finding a common ground, and why a postmodern worldview conversion or construction is not practical at this point, leading to the rise in secular decision making. Comparative analysis of two opposing worldviews: Man is a created being and has a composition pre-determined by an intelligent and purposeful design, as opposed to mans indiscriminate evolvement and has no fixed nature or design. Man is an immortal spirit being which indwells a mortal body, and in contrast, man is wholly a physical animal and or machine. Moral law governs universally through marriage, sexual activity, and family, and in contrast morality is culturally and or individually determined. (Luker, 1984) Argues that pro-choice activist women share almost no common premises and very little common language with antiabortion activist women; in particular, the worldviews and conceptions of motherhood held by the two different groups of women are antithetical. (p.2). The culture war on abortion has many fronts, and those who adhere to liberal postmodernism or answer to liberal postmodern ideology are likely to frame lawful abortion as a set of rights or privileges. Professor Stanley Hauerwas author of Theologically Understood goes on to say that Christians in America are tempted to think of issues like abortion primarily in legal terms such as rights. He explains rights as an agreement between members in a society, who have nothing in common. Professor Hauerwas states that within a liberal society such as ours, the law functions as a mediator of such agreements. He gives an example of our system of law by saying lawyers are to America what priests were to the medieval world. In other words according to professor Hauerwas, Is abortion right or wrong? Or is this abortion right or wrong? rather, the first question is, Why do Christians call abortion, abortion and with the first question goes a second, Why do Christians think that abortion is a morally problematic term? (p. 5). Professor Hauerwas demystifies years of elusions by calling abortion, abortion which is already an achievement based on principles. Lets call a spade a spade, pro-choice is really pro-abortion isnt it, or what about termination of pregnancy, and with the use of this terminology the postmodernist have reduced the churchs involvement, and reallocated the moral responsibility onto the medical profession. (Emerson, 1996) For most of the twentieth century, abortion was removed from public scrutiny by defining it as a question of medical judgment. (p. 44). Well by circumventing the church we can easily foretell any future decision making within a postmodern society towards abortion by defining that mistake as take God out of anything and it dies as pointed out here by Friedrich Nietzsche, parable of a madman Do we smell anything yet of Gods decomposition? Isnt this the crux of postmodern wisdom which is inserting Gods insignificance into the minds of our youth like a Botox injection giving off the same expression of emotion? As pointed out by (Sire, 2004) A culture cannot lose its philosophic center without the most serious of consequences, not just to the philosophy on which it was based but to the whole superstructure of culture and even each persons notion of who he or she is. When God dies, both the substance and the value of everything else die too. (p. 211). This leads me to my next point on Postmodernisms thinking on the sanctity of life, which has created a pro-abortion crisis in America. In the United States alone the abortion rates had increased, in 1974 898,000 to 1,533,000 in 1980. These figures tell us that on an average day in Washington D.C., our nations capital 4,257 abortions are outnumbering live births. Twenty-five percent of all pregnancies are terminated in this manner and forty percent among teenagers, and approximately twenty percent of all women in the United States have had a legal abortion. Sixty percent were under twenty five years of age, and eighty two percent were unmarried at the time of their abortions, and sixty nine percent of these individuals were white. This is the latest available information provided to us by researchers at the (Henshaw, Koonin Smith institute, 1991). The above information shows the influential state and the wide acceptance of abortion and its use as a solution rather than as a last resort. Another way we see secular conditioning, is through what we read, which raises the question are we neglecting to effectively teach any alternatives to abortions such as adoption? For a number of generations we have been stealth fully preconditioning society by removing God from public education. Here for example a member of the Texas board of education is reported saying (Castro, 2010)There seems to be a misinformed view of religion in American history, that America is somehow founded on Christianity, Mize said. We just ask that things be historically accurate.(Â ¶7). The following message certainly points to a valid concern held by many Christians, and alludes to a valid misrepresentation on prolife options within our school textbooks. The following independent study is brought to us by (Kathy Shepherd Elaine Hall, 1994) from 1988 through 1993 sampling 27 textbooks representing 16 publishers covering a period of 6 years.(p. 267). They referenced topics such as, abortion and legal cases such as Roe v. Wade, pro-life, birth control, teen pregnancy, and reproduction. Citations for abortion were indexed more than 60 times and adoption citations were indexed under 13 headings. Also with this study acknowledgement to abortion was tendered 4 times more page space than adoption. That study certainly lessens the burden of understanding a postmodern view towards the ultimate decision to dismiss life, since a form of preconditioning has shown a dismissive slide of pen towards alternatives methods of abortion. (Geersten, 1977) The textbook often provides the central focus and organizing framework for courses, and students, in turn rely on textbooks as their most readily available source of information about the course topics. (p. 102). Postmodern theists are also finding difficulty with the abortion issue when it comes to their education as pointed out here, (Schmalzbauer, 1993) contends that Evangelicals for the most part tend to adhere to their education group rather than their religion with regards to their abortion attitudes. (p. 6). Education will no doubt reconstruct the minds of our youth as pointed out by (Evans, 2002) when he commented on Wuthnow, 1988 education is a more powerful opinion structuring force than religious discourse itself, and most studies find that the more education a respondent has, the more liberal his or her abortion attitudes. (p. 418). This adds to why a postmodern theistic society raises and nurtures its most influential citizens into embracing such secular ideas as Humanism, Naturalism, and Theistic Existentialism? (Bruce Steve, 1996) Postmodernism is here to stay and to evolve. It is a major paradigm shift that has vast and deep impact on the world. When modernity hits hard on Christianity, many sociologists predict the inevitable demise and even eradication of Christianity by secularism. (p. Â ¶5). Also having the wrong personalities controlling how textbooks are studied can only point to the trickling down effect of God within the hearts of man. (Strickler and Danigelis, 1999) Point out that education is shaping the very future of Christendom. By the mid-1990s abortion had been legal for two decades, the population had become more educated and more secular, and other sociodemographic trends found abortion increasingly acceptable. (p. 188). Another reason our postmodern society leans towards abortion as a first consideration rather than as a last resort rests within their understanding of God. The postmodern cultures knowledge of the bible clearly illustrates the ease of which abortion decisions are made. According to the attitudes in society, the concept of God has not changed, and Americans declare their attitudes outline their public disposition. Timothy Renick, (2007) mentions a vast many Americans purport their own religious institutions take part in public strategy issues, and the majority of Congress members consult their individual religious values when voting on legislation. He further notes that America is still very Christian minded, more so than Israel is Jewish or Utah is Mormon. (Timothy Renick, 2007) Yet surveys show that the majority of [postmodern] Americans cannot name even one of the four Gospels, only one-third know that it was Jesus who delivered the Sermon on the Mount, and 10 percent think that Joan of Arc was Noahs wife. (Hey, at least they know that Noah was associated with an ark-or is that Arc?) (p. 26). (Timothy Renick, 2007) continues to paint a solemn picture of postmodern Christianitys understanding of the bible by saying, Many high school seniors think that Sodom and Gomorrah were husband and wife. Renick also claims that devout Christians are, on average, at least as ignorant about the facts of Christianity as are other Americans. Sixty percent of evangelicals think Jesus was born in Jerusalem; only 51 percent of the Jews surveyed made the same mistake. And things are not getting any better. (p. 26-27). (Renick, quotes Prothero, 2007) comments on America which has become a nation deeply religious and profoundly ignorant about religion.(26). References Schmalzbauer, John 1993 Evangelicals in the new class: Class versus subculture predictors of Ideology. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 32(4):330-342. Wuthnow, Robert 1988 the Restructuring of American Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Geersten, R. (1977). The textbook: An ACIDS test. Teaching Sociology, 5, 101-120. Henshaw, S. K., Koonin, L. M., Smith, J. C. (1991). Characteristics of U.S. women having Abortions. Family Planning Perspectives, 23, 75-81. Bruce, (1996). Religion in the Modern World. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Emerson M. (1996). Through Tinted Glasses: Religion, Worldviews, and Abortion Attitudes. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1996, vol. 35, No. 1. P. 41-55. April Castro, (2010) Texas Ed Board Set to Take 1st Vote since Primary. http://abcnews.go.com/US/wirestory?id=10058603page=1. Retrieved on April 9, 2010. Lokensgard, K. (AP 2009). Religious literacy, the First Amendment, and public education. Council of Societies for the Study of Religion Bulletin. 38(2), 41-45. Renick, T. M. (S 4 2007). Dumbed down: what Americans dont know about religion. Christian Century. 124(18), 26-29. Once again here we are asking how a Christian in a postmodern society can consider abortion as a viable solution to a complex moral issue. The abortion debate has polarized Americans like no other national problem since 9/11 or Watergate. The abortion issue has created a vast partitioning across Americas cultural, and religious lines, which is also evident at the individual, political, and ecclesiastical levels. (New International Version, 1984) You may say I am allowed to do anything. But I reply, Not everything is good for you. And even through I am allowed to do anything, I must not become a slave to anythingBut our bodies were not made for sexual immorality. They were made for the Lord, and the Lord cares about our bodies. (1 Cor. 6:12-13). Thomas Jefferson is regularly addressed as one of the finest proponents of religious freedom in the nineteenth century. In a letter dated 1816 he writes about moral decisions which he acknowledges the individual is heir to his own decision and no one else, (Lokensgard, 2009) But I have ever thought religion a concern purely between our God and our consciences, for which we were accountable to Him, and not to the priests (p. 43).

The Unconstitutionality of Capital Punishment Essay -- Argumentative P

The Unconstitutionality of Capital Punishment Capital punishment is one of the most popularly debated topics in the nation today. Since colonial times, more than 13,000 people have been legally executed. A large percentage of these executions occurred during the early 1900's. In the 1930's, as many as 150 people were being legally executed every year. However, the number of executions started to decrease as public outrage became apparent. In 1996, thirty-seven states, including New Jersey, legalized the death penalty. Of the other thirteen states, Michigan abolished the death penalty in 1847, Minnesota in 1853, and Alaska and Hawaii never had the death penalty. Today, there are over 2,000 people on "death row." Almost all are very poor, and a significant number of them are mentally retarded or disabled (ACLU 1). The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) dictates that, "In all circumstances, the death penalty is unconstitutional under the Eight Amendment, and that its discriminatory application violates the Fourteenth Amendment" (1), and therefore, capital punishment violates the Constitution. Capital punishment should be illegal throughout the nation for many reasons. Capital punishment has many supporters. One of the major arguments that these supporters express is that the death penalty serves as a deterrent to crime. They argue that if the death penalty is legalized and practiced, it will discourage others from committing a crime. However, by comparing the data of the states with the death penalty and the states without the death penalty, one can easily see that the death penalty has no effect in deterring crime. According to the National Research Council in 1976, "the available studies provide no useful evidence on th... ...deterrence, it is incapacitation(Kaminer) C. Human judgment is not infallible 1. The risk of executing the innocent is too high. 2. The death penalty is final-no way to reverse. 3. Death Penalty and Sentencing Information study. D. Unconstitutionality 1. Violates the Eighth Amendment-"prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment(Litardo). 2. Violates the Fourteenth Amendment-"guarantees of equal protection of the laws and due process"(Litardo). E. Discrimination 1. Gender discrimination(Bedau). 2. Racial discrimination(Bedau). 3. Socio-economic level discrimination(Bedau). III. Conclusion A. Capital punishment is not an effective way of approaching the crime problem. 1. Capital punishment has many different difficulties as an attempt to decrease and prevent crime 2. Capital punishment should be illegal throughout the nation.

Womens Role in Chronicle of a Death Foretold Essay -- Gabriel Garcia

In Latin America, women are treated differently from men and children. They do lots of work for unexplainable reasons. Others for religious reasons and family orders and others because of the men involved. Women are like objects to men and have to obey their orders to either be rich or to live. Some have sex to get the men’s approval, others marry a rich man that they don’t even know very well, and become slaves. An important book called Chronicles of a Death Foretold is an example of how these women are treated. Purisima del Carmen, Angela Vicario's mother, has raised Angela and her sisters to be good wives. The girls do not marry until late in life, rarely socializing beyond the outsides of their own home. They spend their time sewing, weaving, washing and ironing. Other occupations include arranging flowers, cleaning up the house, and writing engagement letters to other men. They also keep the old traditions alive, such as helping the sick, comforting the dying, and covering the dead. While their mother believes they are perfect, men view them as too tied to their women's traditions. The men are afraid that the women would pay more attention to their job more than the men. Throughout the book, the women receive the respect they deserve from the men and others around them. â€Å"Any man will be happy with them because they have been raised to suffer† (pg 31, Marquez) This quote talks about how the daughters are taught embroidery, machine sewing, lace weaving, helping the unfortunate, and serving just to cope with the society. Most married women get engaged at the age of 14. The man may be 17 or 18. Not saying that if a female is a hard worker but looks ugly that she wouldn’t get a forced marriage. Many Latin American women would li... ...es one forgot she existed.† The daughters she raises are â€Å"perfect†¦ any man will be happy with them because they’ve been raised to suffer.† As for marriage, they must do as their family says, not out of love. This means they can’t pick anyone they want to marry, the family does. Most Latin American families want their lady to marry a wealthy man. They know that wealthy man is aggressive, so Angela or her sisters would be perfect since they are raised to deal with harsh situations. So when Angela Vicario is told by her parents that she must marry Bayardo San Romà ¡n, a wealthy and somewhat mysterious stranger who knows from the instant he sees Angela, that she is the woman he must have. She has no choice but to consent, particularly since her family is of modest means. Bibliography: Marquez, Gabriel Garcia. Chronicles of a Death Foretold, 2008, Vintage.

How far, and why, did traditional Catholicism decline during the reign of Elizabeth?

Considering that on the accession of Elizabeth I the majority of men and women in England and Wales were Catholic – from the evidence of wills Protestant loyalty was limited to the south-east where even there it represented a minority – and that by the end of the reign English Catholicism had diminished to only one or two percent of the population, it is fair to say that the extent of the decline in traditional Catholicism was great. The reasons for this can be found by splitting the reign into three time periods where the presence and threat of Catholicism differ significantly. An interesting argument has arisen concerning the explanation of the decline of Catholicism. The historian J. Bossy argues that conservative gentry and clerical leadership did not produce any organized resistance to the 1559 settlement and instead allowed the laity to drift into conformity by attending Protestant church services. He goes on to suggest that it was only the later arrival of the seminary priests from Douai and the Jesuits that saved English Catholicism from complete extinction. Another historian C. Haigh counters this suggesting that Catholic survivalism was strong in the 1560s and that its demise can be attributed to ‘strategic and logistical errors' made by the seminary priests and the Jesuits. It is perhaps easier to agree with Bossy as during the 1560s many Catholics reluctantly accepted the new church, often because of a lack of strong leadership from the papacy. Pope Pius IV hoped to persuade Elizabeth to join the catholic fold and Philip II feared that if the queen was overthrown Mary Queen of Scots would succeed thus driving England into the arms of France. Also the penalties issued to Catholics under the terms of the 1559 settlement were deliberately made light in order to steer them away from attempted opposition. Indeed, the Catholic threat remained dormant during the 1560s and this decade can be seen as the first time period where Catholicism was certainly on the defensive. However, it is a mistake to see the Catholics as completely inactive during this time. The Marian priests who stayed at their posts and had not been either imprisoned or chosen to go into exile, did not conform meekly to Protestantism. Catholic rituals were kept alive within the parish church and accounts show that some churches retained their Catholic altars and priests continued to say masses for the dead. This survivalism remained strongest in the north and as bishops started to complain about the presence of church papists in their dioceses, the government became increasingly aware of the situation. However, to avoid confrontation with the Catholics, Elizabeth preferred to utilize persuasion instead of punishment to deal with the problem. Thus action was only taken if individuals openly defied the law. This approach, which led Catholicism to survive throughout the 1560s, also ensured that the religion was doomed to eventual failure. Until 1569 when the Northern Rebellion broke out, few felt pressurised into recusancy and rebellion and therefore the Elizabethan regime had time to establish itself and win over conservative landowners. It is from 1568 onwards that the Catholic decline halted, and the government was alerted to a potential threat. The lack of any conspiracies or disturbances during the majority of the 1560s demonstrated a decline in the Catholic faith but when continental influences began to halt this decline soon after, serious problems were created for the government. The year 1568 saw a major development which rapidly forced the government to reassess its policy towards Catholics. The arrival of Mary Queen of Scots, a woman with highly-powered contacts in the Catholic courts of Europe, presented an automatic focus for both the plots of English and foreign Catholics. Her presence in England was made especially explosive because she became a pawn in the intrigues of Spain; a nation grown impatient with England's continued heterodoxy, and also her military opposition in the West Indies and Netherlands. Indeed, each of the four main Catholic conspiracies against Elizabeth involved replacing her with Mary with the aid of a Spanish invasion force. Although no such force was to embark until 1588, to have Europe's premier Catholic power and the strong-arm of the Counter-Reformation seeking to undermine the administration was deeply worrying to Elizabeth. The Papacy provided another threat. Its equivocal stance of the 1560s could not withstand Elizabeth's continued heterodoxy, and when Catholic passivity foiled the Rising of the Northern Earls in 1569 Pius V was stirred to issue the Bull â€Å"Regnans in Excelsis† in excommunicating Elizabeth and commanding her subjects â€Å"not to obey her†. In effect, it was now the duty of all good Catholics to repudiate the Queen's authority, but in practice the general apathy and obedience of the Catholic community made an uprising against Elizabeth's authority unlikely. The real threat lay in that it gave foreign powers, most notably Spain, a papal license to threaten England; thus it can be seen that the Papacy indirectly influenced the sending of the Armada in 1588. Incidents such as the Ridolfi Plot in 1571 where a Florentine merchant led a failed attempt to overthrow the Queen, and the Massacre of St Bartholomew's day in 1572 where six thousand Protestants were murdered in France show that the Catholics were capable of serious actions and that these incidents highlight that they were not in decline just yet. The final major Catholic threat were the missionary priests from William Allen's seminary in Douai in the Netherlands. Though the priests were young English gentlemen they had continental training and had links with the Jesuits. Beginning in 1568, their secret preaching undoubtedly saved the Catholic faith from dying out among the gentry, but the threat they posed is harder to determine. They were not politically motivated and did not attempt to directly stir up a Catholic rebellion. It was hoped, however, that the introduction of the Jesuits in the 1580s would breed a new sense of zeal and fanaticism into the generally loyal and patriotic Catholic gentry, so that when a chance came for a restoration of the old faith, enough of them would be prepared to sacrifice their secular obedience for spiritual belief. But the events of 1588 show how they failed in this aim, for, whilst the conspiracies and the Northern Rising had shown an increase in Catholic militancy, when the hoped-for rebellion of the Catholic community failed to materialise in response to the Armada, the English once again showed their reluctance to cause civil strife; all the Catholic gentry families pledged their allegiance to the Queen. The majority of English Catholics were content to retain their beliefs in private, and the attempts by foreign-based missionaries to radicalise their loyalties was probably doomed to failure. However, one must not allow hindsight to make us dismiss the threat and presence of the Catholics simply because they failed to remove Elizabeth. Indeed the government became so perturbed during the 1570s and 1580s that they greatly tightened anti-Catholic legislation such as the increase in recusancy fines to twenty pounds a month and the treasonable offence of being a priest â€Å"ordained beyond the seas†. To Elizabeth, the plots, foreign threat and missionary activity provided a very real threat. So it is not untrue to say that for a period of twenty years the Catholics remained a thorn in the side of Elizabeth's reign and rather than declining the religion stayed put and caused the government problems. However, the decline did come and there is a third period that we must look at in order to highlight the extent of this defeat. A series of events in the 1590s occurred which certainly helped limit the Catholic threat and presence in the country and caused the religion to diminish to the one or two percent that were thought to have been left in 1603. As we have seen, there was loyalty towards Elizabeth shown by the Catholics in their lack of desire to support the Armada. Then in 1587 Mary Queen of Scots was executed due to her involvement in the Babington Plot the previous year. This death deprived the Catholics of a major focal point for their religion and her replacement was to be James VI, a protestant, which did not aid their cause either. Another death, that of the founder of the college for seminary priest William Allen, was also a problem, as now those priests who were attempting to inspire the Catholic community had no inspiration themselves. Indeed the priest allowed squabbles to develop in their midst which distracted them from their aim of mounting a united assault on Protestantism. There was also a rivalry between the secular priests and the Jesuits which surfaced most prominently in 1598 with the ‘Archpriest Controversy'. The argument occurred when the Pope agreed to appoint George Blackwell, an admirer of the Jesuit mission, to have authority over secular priests training in seminaries. The secular priests were outraged and determined to keep their independence appealed to the Pope against his appointment thus earning them the name ‘the Appellants'. Not only did this controversy poison relationship it also uncovered important differences of principle among the priests. In conclusion it is hard to say that by the end of the reign the Catholics were not in decline and perhaps if it were not for the input of the seminary priests then the religion would have become nothing other than a superstitious ritual practiced only in backward communities. Apart from a period where they provided a sustained, yet exaggerated threat causing the government to rethink its policy, the Catholics were weaned from their faith by a slow exposure to Protestantism. Propaganda, persuasion and persecution made the Catholics (although some of the most committed became recusants) drift into conformity. The decline of Catholicism was a steady but expected process.

Essay on the Enlightenment

Enlightenment Essay The Enlightenment may have happened a long time ago, ideas of the thinkers of that era have shaped and influenced ideas of today. Thinkers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke may have directly influenced the government of the United States. Montesquieu argued that the best government would be one whose power was balanced between three groups of officials. He thought England – which divided power between the king (who enforced laws), Parliament (which made laws), and the judges of the English courts (who interpreted laws) – was a good model of this. Separation of powers† was what Montesquieu called this idea of dividing government power into three branches. He thought it most important to create separate branches of government with equal but different powers. Because this, the government would never place too much power with one individual or group of individuals. He wrote, â€Å"When the [law making] and [law enforcement] powers ar e united in the same person†¦ there can be no liberty. † Montesquieu said each branch of government could limit the power of the other two branches.Therefore, no branch of the government could threaten the freedom of the people. His ideas about separation of powers became the basis for the United States Constitution. Voltaire was a French essayist, novelist, poet, and political reformer, just to name a few things. He advocated Religious and social tolerance, which are two things our own government believes in. Voltaire was a proponent of personal liberty and freedom of speech, he said the famous statement â€Å"I disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. Freedom of speech is the first amendment in our constitution, and the fourth amendment is the right to personal liberty. One of his more controversial beliefs was the separation of church and state, which we belief in today. This belief was one of the beliefs that landed Voltaire in prison, and ultimately exile. The Social Contract was one of Rosseau’s most important ideas. Rousseau believed that society and government created a social contract where their goals were freedom and benefit to the public.Government’s existence depended on the will of the people. The social order was based on general will, a shared belief in a common set of interest. He believed that in a democracy, the general will of the democratic people, expressed in the way of a majority vote, to make all the decisions. The general will was also a form of freedom, and the purpose of law was to combine the general will with the desires of the people. These ideas on democracy, general will, and freedom are found in our own government today.Locke was one of the most influential philosophers of the Enlightenment. He believed that bâ€Å"y nature men are free, and that God made it so people need a leader. He argued people have rights. Those rights include right to life, liberty, and property. He used this claim to promote the idea of the social contract, so people can enjoy there right to comfortably enjoy there lives, liberty, and property. Locke also said that governments existed to protect the people and promote public good so governments who don’t do that should be replaced  with new governments.He said people had a right to revolution. Locke also denied the idea of divine right. All these ideas are found in the constitution. The right to revolution was especially important to the colonists, because they believed the British government was not a good one, so they wanted to replace it with their own new form of government. It was a time of absolute monarchies and tyranny in Europe. The US constitution was a reaction to that, a very republican, representative constitution.Also, it was a time when people were persecuted or even exiled, for having a religious belief other than the one of the government, the constitution reacted to that. It’s als o federalist because the US at the time was very decentralized in terms of communities, people wanted to retain self-governance, rather than hand it off to far away England. Many other things in the constitution were different than the beliefs of the governments in Europe, and the colonists wanted to change that. That is how the constitution reflects the times it was written in.

Pros and Cons of Social Networking Essay

There are many different pros and cons of social networks. Social networks allow for easier communication and allow people to make new friends. However, these sites allow pedophiles to groom kids and allow for bullying. Social Networking sites have allowed easier communication between family and friends. This means that instead of having to meet in a certain place to speak to your friends about school or what they are doing at the weekend, you would now be able to switch on your computer and go onto a social network such as Facebook or Twitter to do this. This reduces the chance of kidnappers of taking kids when they are walking to get their friends. This also reduces the amount of kids walking around the streets committing crimes. Social Networks also remove the problem of speaking to someone on the other side of the world and someone who follows a different religion. Inserted of just speaking to people from the same area as you, people can now speak to people from America to Australia who has the same interests as you. This allows people to make new friends and gives the world a more friendly society because more and more people are becoming friends across the world. These sites are also very interactive so you are able to upload pictures or videos, so you can see what your friends and relatives are up to. These sites also allow messages to be sent and received, which allows people to keep in touch. For example people may not speak to family members to often but because of Facebook they are able to have a chat whenever they want which allows for a better family relationship. These social networking sites can be taken advantage of by the wrong people. People could pass themselves as a sixteen year old girl but could actually be a forty year old man who is looking to take advantage of someone who will think they either know the person or they are the same age. As these pedophiles have the use of Google images or yahoo images they are able to post profile pictures of whatever or whoever they want and pass as that person. Even though we know this is happening there is no way to stop this  unless social networking sites were shutdown. These people will often go for young kids and are able to receive dirty pictures because they tempt the kids into doing these things. If u make your page open to the whole world to view pedophiles will use this to their advantage and take any pictures or videos you have uploaded for their personal use. Social Networks are also poorly censored. Kids, of a very young age, could end up downloading pornography or other unsuitable images. Kids will click on unsuitable images or videos but no warning will come up or something blocking people under a certain age to block this. However many people will lie about their age which will allow many very young kids the opportunity to view these unsuitable pictures. â€Å"Trolling† is also a major issue with social networking sights. â€Å"Trolling† is when someone posts rude or nasty messages on someone’s online forum, chat room or memorial page just to receive and emotional response from the readers. Trolls get a buzz from doing this on people’s pages and receiving responses as they think it is funny and they just love the attention they get from sending these messages. As Twitter and Facebook got bigger and bigger more and more trolls began to appear ruining sites and making people very upset. As the issue of â€Å"trolling† got bigger and bigger the police became more involved and have started jailing people. For example Sean Duffy, who wrote abusive messages on tribute pages for example a girl called Natasha MacBryde who was hit by a train. He also did this to many other pages. In the end he only received ninety weeks in jail. Like many trolls Duffy was unemployed and an alcoholic who spent his days sitting on social networking sites making people very upset. Even though we know â€Å"trolling† exists there is not much we can do to stoop it apart from not allowing people to view the tribute page or forum unless you know who they are. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8760504/Internet-troll-jailed-for-mocking-dead-teenagers-on-Facebook.HTML Cyber bullying is the main problem of social networking sites. Cyber bullying is when someone is threatened, harassed or humiliated using social networking sites, mobile phones or any other type of digital technology. Many people have either been cyber bullied of they have cyber bullied themselves. From the introduction of the big name social networks cyber bullying has become a very big problem. On sites such as Formspring people can post anonymous comments about people who they dislike which end up to people not wanting to leave there house or even committing suicide. For example Phoebe Prince, an Irish immigrant in America, killed herself after three months of bullying because she was dating somebody who was older then her. She was bullied through text message and Facebook. She hung herself because of who she was dating. Cyber bullying is very common and will never be stopped due to lack of supervision on these websites. http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/TheLaw/teens-charged-bullying-mass-girl-kill/story?id=10231357 In conclusion, social networking sites are have pros and cons but mostly cons. Even though these websites allow people to make lots of new friends they don’t actually know if the person they are talking to is actually who they say they are. Religions are able to mix but sometimes this is not a good thing. People will start posting racist comments and then arguments will start because someone follows Christianity but the person doesn’t like that religion so they become racist. Pedophiles thrive on pictures being posted and they also love using things such as the Facebook chat system to their advantage. Trolls make peoples life’s, who has lost someone they love, a misery so they can feel better. Bullies get a kick out of being a coward and ruining someone else’s life because they have their own problems. Therefore social networking sights are not good for the world and cause more anger and hatred than people getting along.

College Is A Waste of Time and Money Essay

Maybe it’s my age or my personality, but I really haven’t enjoyed many of the stories that we have had to read. To me, there is an extreme amount of negativity in them, especially in the titles. I think it would have been more interesting and relevant to read a current article on this subject, and not something written in 1975. While the basics are still in play, there have been a lot of changes over the years. The most notable difference would be the demographics that make up today’s student body. As an older, non-traditional student, I don’t consider it a waste of time or money, and I don’t think many others feel that way. There are so many people who would love to go to college, but are unable to for some reason. Although, I’m not familiar with how young people look at college today, I think a significant number likely look forward to the opportunity. I do agree with many of Ms. Birds findings. I don’t believe anyone should be force d to go to college. It should be entirely up to each individual. We still see many parents pushing their kids to continue their education, and often for good reason, but if the child doesn’t want to go, it should be their decision. At the age of 18, many are too young and confused, and don’t know what they want to do with their life. It’s also nice to have a break after 13 years of school. We will always have kids who will rebel, just for the sake of rebelling. I think a main cause of this for many students is too much pressure. They have all these standards to live up to, whether it comes from their parents, their siblings, other family members, or society. Some may take that rebellious attitude because they have trouble learning, and they don’t want anyone to know. They would prefer to look like a rebel than to look like a retard. I also agree with the lack of quality teachers, and being required to take many classes that have nothing at all to do with your major. A couple of years ago, I had an in-class accounting teacher who just read to us from the book. I’m thinking I’m coming here and paying for someone to read to me, I can read all by myself, I am looking for someone to teach me. My main focus is getting a degree, but I also truly enjoy learning. I definitely agree with her on college being too expensive. I think she would be shocked to see today’s prices, and I would be very interested to know what textbooks and tuition cost in her day. The kids back  then had some fear of campus violence. But horrors, like the Kent State shooting, were not the norm. Today, we are always seeing campus shootings. Although these seem to have become a way of life and can happen anywhere, it’s still quite scary for the students and may actually have the opposite effect of parents wanting to send their kids off to college. It also seems that hazing has gotten out of control on our campuses. Unfortunately, there is just such an overwhelming hatefulness in our world. There is another factor that may play into a lack of desire to go on to college. They can look at the many success stories of people who didn’t go to college, some who never even completed high school. These folks used hard work to become millionaires and billionaires. I think some people are more successful because of their charismatic personalities, which has nothing to do with their ability or their intelligence. The article I have included with my essay bot h contradicts and agrees with Ms. Birds perceptions. The traditional white male students must feel that college is a waste of time and money, but they are in the minority.

Financial Wellness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Wellness - Essay Example sted in a wide variety of financial instruments such as common stocks, preferred stock, corporate bonds, treasury bills, and derivative instruments among other options. People can use finances to plan for their retirement (Cnn). An area of finances that I often have trouble with is budgeting. I always try to create a personal budget of my expenses every month, but it seems as if my personal budgets are always off. I always end up spending more money than what my budget stipulates. The use of software such as excel or quicken can help people manage their personal budgets better (Intuit). Financial goals are very important. â€Å"The first step in personal financial planning is controlling your day-to-day financial affairs to enable you to do the things that brings you satisfaction and enjoyment† (Fowles). These goals can be established for the immediate, short, medium and long term. SMART goals are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely (Topachievement). An immediate goal is to save at least $300 at the end of the month. A short term goal is to purchase a new smartphone within one to two months. A second short term goals is to save money to purchase winter clothes. An intermediate goa l is to increase the value of my investment portfolio by 10% at the end of the year. Another goal is to save money for a down payment on a new home within five years. A long term goal is to save $250,000 by retirement

Critically evaluate the rules that apply to misrepresentation and Essay

Critically evaluate the rules that apply to misrepresentation and non-disclosure in insurance contracts - Essay Example Incorrect, incomplete or incorrect answers during application or material fact non-disclosure may go up to the contract’s roots and jeopardize its continued existence. The association between the insured and the insurer is regarded as one where mutual responsibilities of good faith and trust are overriding. During application time, indispensable facts are customarily recognized by the applicant but may be challenging to the insurer to make certain. The insurer is thus, vulnerable and needs the material facts so as to establish whether to issue a policy or not, what particular omissions it may need, and the amount of premium to charge. In fact, there are two diverse duties on the applicant at the time of the application. Normally, a broker or an agent interviews an applicant to complete the process of application. Based on the nature, as well as, type of the insurance coverage wanted, the application will have numerous questions concerning the background, health, business activities and various other aspects of the applicant. The application will characteristically have a declaration that is executed by the applicant and that the answers availed are complete, full, and true. Consequently, there are two isolated essential issues2. The first issue is that of any misrepresentation of answers by the applicant in the questions on the application. The second issue is that of non-disclosure of any facts by the applicant that are within his or her knowledge, and which are essential to the insurance. In the event that an insurer takes a stand that a policy is void because of non-disclosure or misrepresentation, it is not required of the insurer to determine the insured’s motives. The motives of the insured are irrelevant provided the misrepresentation are of a fact identified by the insured that could be viewed by a rational insurer as substantial to the risk. Typically,

Job Safety Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Safety Response - Essay Example Jerry must understand that the field notes belong to the federal agency provided there is an advance knowledge that that data belongs to the agency. First, Jerry acquired a job from the federal agency implying that the area of research is not his own doing and will be considered as unethical to use it for his personal work. Second, the participants in the interviews and observations during the survey would not have presented themselves to him without identifying that he is working with the Federal Agency which they could identify with because of its projects or proposed projects amongst them. His presentation to participants as working on behalf of the agency makes the information gathered from the interview the agency’s property unconditionally. Being a representative of the agency means that no participant provided any information to belong to him but to the agency hence eliminating any breach of information security and confidentiality. Although it is unethical for the agen cy to manipulate survey findings to suit its expectations, it is ethical to request the opinion of a different consultant for comparison. Vaughn should be expected to turn over all the interview materials, notes, and photographs despite their sensitive information on with any binding terms on data ownership. Since there was no binding stipulation concerning data ownership, and by arguing that his work was conducted in good faith makes him eligible for full salary without any threats or turning over the materials, notes, and photos to the agency.

Market Efficiency and its implications for Macroeconomic Behaviour Essay

Market Efficiency and its implications for Macroeconomic Behaviour - Essay Example This paper studies all aspects of market efficiency and its implications for macroeconomic behavior. The behavioral economics challenged market efficiency hypothesis, which supposedly incorporates all information rationally, and instantly. The argument is based on that markets are not rational, but are driven by fear and greed. There were a lot of research in the cognitive neurosciences, which suggests that these two perspectives are opposite to each other. When money is put into the market, it is done with the aim of generating a return on the capital. Many investors try not only to make a profit but also to outperform, or beat, the market. According to the EMH, no investor has an advantage in predicting a return on a stock price . In order for a market to become efficient, investors must perceive that a market is inefficient and possible to beat. Investment strategies intended to take advantage of inefficiencies are actually keeping market efficient. Investment strategies intended to take advantage of inefficiencies are actually the fuel that keeps a market efficient. There are three identified classifications of the EMH: strong efficiency, semi-strong efficiency, and weak efficiency. The random walk theory asserts that price movements will not follow any patterns or trends and that past price movements cannot be used to predict future price movements. The debate about efficient markets has resulted in many empirical studies attempting to determine whether specific markets are in fact "efficient" and if so to what degree.

Conducting the Written Evidence - Based Proposal (Final) Research Paper

Conducting the Written Evidence - Based Proposal (Final) - Research Paper Example This paper explores the challenges associated with psychiatric mental health nursing and the burnout associated with this filed of work. Introduction As a mental health psychiatric nurse, I realized that one key issues in my area is rapid nurse burnout. Mental health nurses suffer from burnout much sooner than those in other nursing fields of care (Breen, 2013). Burnout is associated with the increasing shortage of nurses, trends leaning towards more community care, and the elimination of numerous mental health care hospitals and facilities. The above problems have created a stressful work environment causing nurses to be forced to attempt to provide high quality care to the ever increasing number of patient load while at the same time recording a decrease in resources (Hanrahan,2010). Mental heal nurses have additional stressors, some of which include the large emotional demand of taking care of patients with complex and challenging violent related issues. Overcrowding of acute care settings along with the nurse to patient ratios add to the stress that nurses have to content with. This makes the working environment unsafe for the operation of nurses. Undesputedly, an enabling work environment is in itself motivational to new qualified nurses. It helps avoid emotional exhaustion, which is largely seen as detrimental in mental health as it affects the outcome of patient care and to a larger extend result in depersonalization of the nurse (Breen, 2013). Studies show that burnout in the psychiatric nursing field may be associated with non-supportive management, and there is need for to have formal orientation programs to acute care mental health nursing settings for the staff. This would help provide continuing education for nursing and ancillary staff, which would ultimately help deal with issues such as overload of paperwork, staff to patient ratio, work related injuries, volatile and unpredictable working environment. By extension, working with verbally abusive /aggressive patients contribute to the burnout of psychiatric mental health nurses earlier than that of the counterparts who work as medical surgical nurses (Breen, 2013). Hospitals must make working environments more conducive to their nurse, as well the patients. This will help preserve staff and in the long run decrease/ prevent nursing burnout. Recent studies have shown that hospitals need to create an environment that values the knowledge and professionalism by their nurses, and should work towards maintaining appropriate nurse to patient ratios for purposes of facilitating patient growth and wellness. These studies also suggest that hospitals should facilitate nurse to physician relationships, if they have to maintain continuity of care throughout the interdisciplinary team. According to these studies, this woud help hospitals to maintain safety on acute care inpatient settings, as well as outpatient settings by providing adequate security for staff (Hanrahan, 2010). Problem S tatement- Module 1 The two terms stress and burnout are often intertwined. As such, stress is the precursor to burnout. Stress is a feature that cannot be avoided in life; it can be viewed as positive or negative reinforcer (Elder, 2012). Burnout, on the other hand, has no positive aspects for the individual who is experiencing it. The term burnout is used to explain emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduction in personal accomplishments. This group of problems is commonly referred to

Britton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Britton - Essay Example On the other hand, developed countries are defined as ‘technologically and ecologically advanced, enjoy relatively high standards of living and have modern social and political institutions and structures’ (Huybers, 2007, p. 28). Britton expresses his own view on underdeveloped countries by quoting ‘third word countries are seen to suffer from a series of common structural distortions in their economic and social organization. Britton makes emphasizes that third world countries are characterized by forms of dependent development. Britton claims that dependency is conceptualized as the process of historical conditioning that alters the internal functioning of social and economic sub-system within an underdeveloped country. He further outlines that foreign parties have a legacy of political, ideological and economic transformation in the third world countries (Britton, 1982, p. 333). He elaborates that dependency entails the subordination of the national economic ind ependence, which has to meet the requirements of foreign individuals and upper class society as a substitute of political priorities. According to his analysis, Britton believes that structural alterations include lack of fundamental infrastructure like air space, roads and proper knowledge of the tourism industry are the main cause of the underdevelopment. Telfer and Sharpley also attributes this underdevelopment to gender issues like lack of human safety, rights and security (Sharpley & Telfer, 2008, p.4). Britton through his journal draws the fact that colonialism is a major key in how much development takes place in a certain country. Colonization is defined as the invasion and control of other people’s resources and land. During colonization, the original population is kicked out of large plots of land and settlers from another country occupying their land (Mowforth & Munt, 2003, p. 73). Britton also argues that, colonial and imperial domination has largely contributed t o the downfall of many underdeveloped countries especially during the post-colonial period. Many post-colonized countries have close ties with the government of the countries that colonized them. However, according to Britton, this benefits the underdeveloped countries and offers them a chance to flourish due to these benefits since members of the ruling class bear the power required in dealing with the foreign government representatives and officials of the industry itself. According to Britton, many underdeveloped nations use tourism in generating foreign exchange as well as increasing employment opportunities that attract development capital. Therefore, these underdeveloped countries mainly target tourists from these developed countries since they are seen as higher valued in terms of tourism (Kunkel, 2008, p. 37). In order for the underdeveloped nations, to develop a strong tourist economy they have to be rely on the developed nations since capital from foreign tourism is necess ary and beneficial to any developing nation. Therefore, post-colonial countries always seek overseas investments in order to aid them in developing tourism plans. Due to this, many underdeveloped nations have developed business ties with developed countries that are their major tourists since they largely assist them in raising revenue (Lea, 1988, p. 27). Additionally, Briton states the fact that third world countries do not have a choice but to accept the high degree

Introduction to the research paper of business process mapping Essay - 1

Introduction to the research paper of business process mapping (operations management) - Essay Example rials, employees and other resources, developing them according to the organization’s needs and utilizing them as effectively and efficiently possible for the organization. (Brown et al, 2001). Operations management is a very broad segment of the organization and covers many areas including costing, manufacturing and supervising. (Stevenson, 2008). No matter the business falls in the category of service industry, manufacturing industry or a combination of both, operations management is nevertheless an essential ingredient for its success. (Jacka and Keller, 2009). However, there might be a drastic difference in the operations management of any two given organizations depending upon the nature of the business and the way the companies operate. (Brown et al, 2001). In case of a manufacturing organization, the operations manager is expected to take care of every single step involved in manufacturing the end-product starting right from the purchase of raw materials and hiring of human resource. (Greasley, 2009). In terms of a service-oriented firm, operations management would mean taking care of each and every step related to delivering the service to the customer and maintaining the flow of processes within the organization. (Stevenson, 2008). In today’s business environment, a successful organization either has an operations management section in its hierarchy or it would outsource such processes to the professional operations management firms present in the market since without it, keeping track of constantly evolving business practices is next to impossible and the business is likely to fail. (Brown et al, 2001). One of the most important aspects of operations management is Business Process Mapping. In order to maintain effectiveness and efficiency in the business processes and to keep track of the developments and procedures, the operations manager needs to lay device a tool to map the operations and processes. (Page, 2010). This tool is called Business

Statistics for clinical therapist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Statistics for clinical therapist - Essay Example Such studies do emphasize the implicit need for getting a public opinion on the Health care services. Scholars like Gilhooly, Murray and Berkely (1991) have suggested how negative perceptions were present within the public suggesting that individuals themselves may be less likely to accept such care if offered. Their findings were uncovered during exploratory interviews and suggest that lack of public awareness, and awareness within the medical profession, may reduce the likelihood of patients accessing these services. The survey research was inspired by several research works in Glasgow and adjoining areas. The report of the findings of the first national survey in Scotland on public knowledge and understanding of palliative care in 2003 revealed certain interesting results such as the relation between income and choice of health services, importance of advice and support for patients etc. The surveyed participants are local natives of Glasgow. To get an accurate opinion on the issues that are related to the NHS the surveyed population will consist of respondents spreading over the age range of 20-50 years. The respondents would consist of an equal number or men and women so that the results are not gender biased. A gender biased research data is of little use in the formulation of policies or new interventions in health research. The research study also looked into several other parameters that impinge on the study. These include the economic status and occupation of the respondent. The status and occupation is likely to enable the formation of different opinion amongst the citizens in Glasgow. The survey was conducted with a questionnaire that contained only close ended questions. The respondents were selected on the basis of convenience sampling. The questionnaire is provided in the appendix. The results obtained from the survey are detailed here sequentially: c.1. The respondents were equal number of men and women. Out of a sample size of 400 respondents, there were 199 men and 201 women. c.2. the Age varied between 20-25 years as follows: 10 percent respondents . 20-22 yrs old 10 percent respondents . 23-25 yrs old 10 percent respondents . 26-28 yrs old 10 percent respondents . 29-31 yrs old 10 percent respondents . 32-34 yrs old 10 percent respondents . 35-37 yrs old 10 percent respondents . 38-40 yrs old 10 percent respondents . 41-43 yrs old 10 percent respondents . 44-46 yrs old 10 percent respondents . 47-50 yrs old c.3. About 50 percent of the respondents were students while the remaining 50 percent were the members

Demand Analysis of low-calorie microwavable food Essay Example for Free

Demand Analysis of low-calorie microwavable food Essay QD = 20,000 10P + 1500A + 5PX + 10 I Since R2 is considerable high, the model explains the demand quite well. Putting the values of P, A, Px and I in the above equation, we get, Converting all price into dollars, we get, QD = 20,000 – (10Ãâ€"8000) + (1500Ãâ€"64) + (5Ãâ€"9000) + (10Ãâ€"5000) = 131000 Now, own price elasticity (ep) = Ãâ€" = -10, P = 8000, Q = 131000 Own Price elasticity (ep) = 10 Ãâ€" = 0.61 (approx.) Cross price elasticity (exy) = Ãâ€" = 5, Px = 9000, Q = 131000 Cross price elasticity (exy) = 5 Ãâ€" = 0. 34 (approx.) Income elasticity (eI) = Ãâ€" = 10, I = 5000, Q = 131000 Income elasticity (eI) = 10 Ãâ€" = 0.38 (approx.) Advertisement elasticity (eA) = Ãâ€" = 1500, A = 64, Q = 131000 Advertisement elasticity (eA) = 1500 Ãâ€" = 0.73 (approx.) From the above results, we can see that the own price elasticity is 0.61. Thus the demand for the low-calorie microwavable food is inelastic in nature. This implies that an increase in the price of the food leads to the fall of the quantity demanded by less than proportionate amount. Income elasticity of the good calculated is 0.38. This implies that the good selected is normal good. The cross price elasticity is 0.34. Therefore the two goods are almost substitute goods. Finally, coming to the advertisement  elasticity, we can see that the advertisement elasticity is 0.73. Thus advertisement has an important impact on the sales of the product. Since price elasticity is less than 1, total revenue will fall if price falls. Moreover the cross price elasticity of the product is almost close to zero. So, if the firm will never lower its price to increase its market share. i) The demand curve s drawn below: ii) At these prices there is always an excess supply. Thus market forces cannot determine the equilibrium. iii) The factors can influence demand and supply are: Demand – Advertisement, Income, price of the competitor’s product, etc. Supply – technological improvement, supply shocks, etc. Increase in advertisement expenditure can increase the demand this will shift the demand curve rightward. Similarly any reduction in advertisement expenditure will shift the demand curve leftward. Similarly, a rise in per capita income will shift the demand curve rightward and viceversa. Now, the supply curve can shift rightward if there is any improvement in the technology. On the other hand any supply shock can shift the supply curve leftward. References: Varian, H. R. (2011). Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach (8th ed.). NY: Norton Walter Nicholson, Christopher Snyder (2012). Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions (11th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning TR Jain, VK Ohri (2010). Introductory Microeconomics and Macroeconomics (7th ed.). India: V.K.Publications